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Scholarly Communication Toolkit: Open Access Policies & Publishing

Planning Open Access Week at Your Library

Ocean water crowded with litter, with a light blue open lock (open access symbol) in the foreground, above the words "Open for ClimateJustice" in multiple languages

Open Access Week is an annual scholarly communication event focusing on open access and related topics. Open Access events occur across the global both on- and offline, taking place from October 25-31, 2021. Typical activities include talks, seminars, symposia, or the announcement of open access mandates or other milestones in open access.

The following resources are also available to assist libraries with their Open Access Week planning:

Open Access: Resources

Further Reading on Open Access

The following is a list of substantial readings on Open Access that are freely available online. 

Institutional Open Access Policies

Open access policies are increasingly being adopted by individual colleges and universities. These policies often mandate open access publishing and dissemination of scholarly activity by faculty at the respective universities and define guidelines for that dissemination, typically through the campus institutional repository. The following resources are useful for librarians who may be helping to enact an institutional open access policy or support it after its passage:

Open Access: A Brief History and Explanation


The launch of the internet nearly 30 years ago allowed for the development of the concept of open access. Early open access initiatives included the launch of the online subject repository arXiv in 1991, the publication of several free, peer reviewed online journals in the early 1990s, and the development of the National Institute of Health's repository PubMedCentral in 2000. Then, in 2002 and 2003, three distinct meetings took place in Budapest, Berlin and Bethesda which gave rise to a formal and still globally accepted definition of "open access." The widely accepted definition of open access literature is as follows: Open access literature is digital, online free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.1

Although costs for digital publishing can be lower than print publications, open access publishing is not free. Instead of charging the reader for access through purchase or subscription, alternative business models have arisen that provide the publishers with the financial means for providing access to scholarship. One cost recovery model is the implementation of article processing charges (APCs). These charges are paid by the author (who may get assistance from research grants, the university, or the library) prior to publication. Production costs can also be offset by the sale of memberships, add-ons and enhanced services by the publisher. In some cases, journals are fully subsidized by a sponsoring institution, funder or other organization without charging authors or readers. However, while open access publishing has the potential to reduce costs, this is not the only driving force behind open access advocacy. The benefits to individual scholars, related institutions, scholarly communication, and the general researching public are also primary motivating factors.

There are two primary routes in which open access literature can be published or otherwise made available. These two routes are frequently described as "gold open access" and "green open access".

  • Gold Open Access is when an author publishes in an Open Access Journal. The article is published in an open access journal that provides immediate open access to all of its articles on the publisher's website. The term "Hybrid Open Access" is also sometimes used to describe an open access model where a journal provides gold open access only for those individual articles for which an open access publishing fee has been paid. However, "Gold Open Access" does not always require that authors pay an article processing charge (APC).  Some fully Open Access Journals charge no APCs. A common misconception about open access publishing is that it is not peer reviewed. However, many open access journals adhere to the same strict review process as more traditional journals. Peer review is medium-independent, as relevant to online journals as to print journals. It can be carried out in cost effective ways with new supporting software and technologies.
  • Green Open Access is when an author archives a version of their work in an open access repository, irrespective of where it is finally published. After publication, the author self-archives a version (peer-reviewed postprint) of the article for free public use in their institutional repository (IR), in a central repository (e.g., PubMed Central), or on some other open access website.

There are many ways2 that libraries and other institutions can support open access, ranging from simply providing information to enacting open access policies and establishing institutional repositories:

  • Preparing guides to open access 
  • Encouraging dialog about open access, e.g., through blogs/newsletters
  • Holding Open Access Week events to promote awareness
  • Endorsing statements on open access such as the Berlin Declaration
  • Establishing open access publication funds
  • Establishing institutional repositories
  • Establishing open access databases
  • Issuing open access resolutions and enacting open access policies
  • Purchasing institutional subscriptions that provide discounts on open-access publication fees
  • Negotiating open access agreements with publishers
  • Providing copyright advisory services to researchers
  • Providing assistance in the conversion of institution-based journals to open access journals
  • Forming academic centers devoted to scholarly publishing

1 This definition comes from Peter Suber, who is considered the foremost leader and expert on the topic. His Overview of Open Access is an excellent brief explanation of what open access publishing is and why it is an important initiative.

This list comes from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library Guide to Open Access

Further Readings on the History and Explanation of the Open Access Movement

How to Debunk Common Open Access Myths

Open Access Publishing - Studies on Business Models

  • Harvard Journal Flipping Project is a project to gather options and best practices on converting subscription-based scholarly journals to open access. This is a response to the serials crisis as well as an open access initiative.
  • Pay it Forward Project is investigation into a sustainable model of open access article processing charges for large north American research institutions